SWL does not work well on hard stones, such as cystine, some types of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, or very large stones. With SWL, you may go home the same day as the procedure. You may be able to resume normal activities in two to three days. You may also be given a strainer to collect the stone pieces as they pass. These pieces will be sent to the laboratory to be tested.
Although SWL is widely used and considered very safe, it can still cause side effects. You may have blood in your urine for a few days after treatment. Most stone pieces pass painlessly. Larger pieces may get stuck in the ureter, causing pain and needing other removal procedures. Ureteroscopy URS is used to treat stones in the kidney and ureter. URS involves passing a very small telescope, called an ureteroscope, into the bladder, up the ureter and into the kidney.
Rigid telescopes are used for stones in the lower part of the ureter near the bladder. Flexible telescopes are used to treat stones in the upper ureter and kidney. The ureteroscope lets the urologist see the stone without making an incision cuts. General anesthesia keeps you comfortable during the URS procedure. Once the urologist sees the stone with the ureteroscope, a small, basket-like device grabs smaller stones and removes them.
If a stone is too large to remove in one piece, it can be broken into smaller pieces with a laser or other stone-breaking tools. Once the stone has been removed whole or in pieces, the health care provider may place a temporary stent in the ureter. A stent is a tiny, rigid plastic tube that helps hold the ureter open so that urine can drain from the kidney into the bladder. Unlike a catheter or PCNL drain tube, this tube is completely within the body and does not require an external bag to collect urine.
You may go home the same day as the URS and can begin normal activities in two to three days. If your urologist places a stent, he or she will remove it four to 10 days later. Sometimes a string is left on the end of the stent so you can remove it on your own. It is very important that the stent is removed when your health care provider tells you.
Leaving the stent in for long periods can cause an infection and loss of kidney function. General anesthesia is needed to do a PCNL. PCNL involves making a half-inch incision cut in the back or side, just large enough to allow a rigid telescope nephroscope to be passed into the hollow center part of the kidney where the stone is located. An instrument passed through the nephroscope breaks up the stone and suctions out the pieces.
The ability to suction pieces makes PCNL the best treatment choice for large stones. After the PCNL, a tube is usually left in the kidney to drain urine into a bag outside of the body. This will allow for drainage of urine and stop any bleeding. The tube is left in overnight or for a few days. You may have to stay in the hospital overnight after this operation. Your urologist may choose to do X-rays while you are still in the hospital to see if any stone pieces remain.
If there are any, your urologist may want to look back into the kidney with a telescope again to remove them. You can begin normal activities after about one-to-two weeks. Other kidney surgery is rarely used to remove stones. Open, laparoscopic or robotic surgery may be used only if all other less invasive procedures fail. Part of preventing stones is finding out why you get them. Your health care provider will perform tests to find out what is causing this.
After finding out why you get stones, your health care provider will give you tips to help stop them from coming back. Your health care provider will ask questions about your personal and family medical history. He or she may ask if:. Knowing your eating habits is also helpful. You may be eating foods that are known to raise the risk of stones. You may also be eating too few foods that protect against stones or not drinking enough fluids.
Understanding your medical, family and dietary history helps your health care provider find out how likely you are to form more stones. After taking a complete history and doing a physical exam, your health care provider may take blood and urine samples for testing.
Blood tests can help find if a medical problem is causing your stones. Your urine can be tested to see if you have a urinary tract infection or crystals that are typical of different stone types.
If you are at high risk for getting stones in the future, a hour urine collection can be done. This test will reveal the levels of different stone-forming substances in your urine.
The results of this test can help your health care provider recommend make specific diet and medications to prevent future stones. When a health care provider sees you for the first time and you have had stones before, he or she may want to see recent X-rays or order a new X-ray. They will do this to see if there are any stones in your urinary tract. Imaging tests may be repeated over time to check for stone growth.
You may also need this test if you are having pain, hematuria blood in your urine or recurrent infections. If you pass a stone or a stone is removed by surgery, your health care provider will want to test it. Testing the stone will determine what type of stone it is.
This information helps your health care provider decide the best way to prevent future stones. Once your health care provider finds out why you are forming stones, he or she will give you tips on how to prevent them. This may include changing your diet and taking certain medications. There is no "one-size-fits-all" diet for preventing kidney stones. Everyone is different. Your diet may not be causing your stones to form. But there are dietary changes that you can make to stop stones from continuing to form.
If you are not producing enough urine, your health care provider will recommend you drink at least 3 liters of liquid each day. This equals about 3 quarts about ten ounce glasses. This is a great way to lower your risk of forming new stones. Remember to drink more to replace fluids lost when you sweat from exercise or in hot weather. All fluids count toward your fluid intake. But it's best to drink mostly no-calorie or low-calorie drinks. This may mean limiting sugar-sweetened or alcoholic drinks.
Knowing how much you drink during the day can help you understand how much you need to drink to produce 2. Use a household measuring cup to measure how much liquid you drink for a day or two. Drink from bottles or cans with the fluid ounces listed on the label. Keep a log, and add up the ounces at the end of the day or hour period.
Cloudy or foul-smelling urine could be a sign of an infection in your kidneys or another part of your urinary tract. One study found that about 8 percent of people with acute kidney stones had a urinary tract infection 6. Cloudiness is a sign of pus in the urine, or pyuria 7. The smell can come from the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. Large kidney stones sometimes get stuck in a ureter.
This blockage can slow or stop the flow of urine. If you have a blockage, you may only urinate a little bit each time you go. Urine flow that stops entirely is a medical emergency. These symptoms happen because of shared nerve connections between the kidneys and GI tract 9. Stones in the kidneys can trigger nerves in the GI tract, setting off an upset stomach.
Fever and chills are signs that you have an infection in your kidney or another part of your urinary tract. This can be a serious complication to a kidney stone.
It can also be a sign of other serious problems besides kidney stones. Any fever with pain requires urgent medical attention. Fevers that occur with an infection are usually high — Chills or shivering often occur along with the fever. Kidney stones are hard collections of salt and minerals that form in your kidneys and can travel to other parts of your urinary system.
Some stones will pass on their own. Others need treatment with sound waves or surgery to break them up or remove them. Other risk factors relate to the conditions that contribute to stone formation: diet, dehydration, warm weather which also causes dehydration and the side effects of medications. The differences in the male and female anatomy can lead to different symptoms, too.
They feel pain in their abdomen, lower back or groin as the stone passes through the narrow ureter and beyond. That can also cause some gastric discomfort, which is centered in the upper abdomen and can be dull and achy or throbbing pain.
Women, on the other hand, may compare kidney stones to menstrual cramps that can escalate from dull aches to wincing pain. Kidney stone pain usually comes and goes. Because you never know if it will actually pass or how long it will take. And if you have pain with or without changes to your urine, nausea or vomiting — and especially fevers and chills — call your doctor.
In a period of change and uncertainty his urology group was interested in joining a high quality, independent, multi-specialty group with like-minded physicians to have a voice. His father, Harlan Rosenb Read More Accepting New Patients. Schedule Now. All information offered on The Iowa Clinic website is intended to serve as general educational information only.
Any content, product or service is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Kidney stones develop when high levels of salt and other minerals in the urine stick together.
Over time, these congealed bits can form stones ranging in size from sand-like grains or small pebbles to chunks of gravel. Kidney stones can pass in your urine without any need for treatment. But when a stone gets lodged in a bad place, especially in the ureters—the narrow passageways that allow urine to move from the kidneys to the bladder—the pain can get pretty intense. Larger stones may even block the flow of urine. That being said, stones that remain in the kidneys may not cause any pain or symptoms at all.
A variety of factors like diet, certain medical conditions including obesity , and family history of the issue can increase the risk for developing kidney stones. One of the most important and easily correctable risk factors is dehydration.
Boosting your daily water intake can reduce your risk of forming kidney stones in the first place. Here are the key warning signs of kidney stones, plus what you can do to get rid of these little troublemakers.
Having tummy trouble? An upset stomach could be a result of a few different triggers, but you can tame it with certain foods. Watch this video for the best foods to eat to soothe your stomach. Urinary frequency urge to urinate kidney stone have to pee. Credit: Getty Images. Replay gallery.
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