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List of Partners vendors. Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development.
While his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work , Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Let's take a closer look at the background and different stages that make up Erikson's psychosocial theory. So what exactly did Erikson's theory of psychosocial development entail?
Much like Sigmund Freud , Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, however, Erikson's theory described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings. This video has been medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD. Each stage in Erikson's theory builds on the preceding stages and paves the way for following periods of development.
In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high but so is the potential for failure. If people successfully deal with the conflict, they emerge from the stage with psychological strengths that will serve them well for the rest of their lives.
Erikson also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson's theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy in that aspect of development.
The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers. At this point in development, the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for everything they need to survive including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing. If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that they cannot trust or depend upon the adults in their life.
If a child successfully develops trust, the child will feel safe and secure in the world. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
During the first stage of psychosocial development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present. Subsequent work by researchers including John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth demonstrated the importance of trust in forming healthy attachments during childhood and adulthood.
The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a little independence. They are starting to perform basic actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they prefer.
By allowing kids to make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of autonomy. The essential theme of this stage is that children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Imitation is most closely related to the concept of. Who developed social cognitive theory? What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of development? Which theorist is best associated with an ecological approach to human development?
Which must always occur in a real-life setting? Ims studies how children think about television by asking them to answer several questions related to their television viewing. It is most likely that Dr. Which method of measuring behavior is most effective at directly studying brain activity? Virtually all studies done in psychology rely on studying people representative of a larger group.
The groups of people who participate in these studies are most commonly known as. This sort of relationship would best be characterized as. Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship? If Hamid wants to do one study to determine whether or not playing violent video games causes children to act more aggressively, he would be best served by doing a n.
Which type of variable is manipulated by an experimenter? You are doing a study to determine whether smoking nicotine prior to taking a psychology test effects performance on that test.
What is the independent variable in your study? In an experiment the dependent variable is the behavior that is being. Kelly is doing research on the effect of birth order on personality. Rather than collecting data on a new set of subjects, she is analyzing hundreds of studies that have already been done on this topic and is going to attempt to come up with an overall estimate of what all these other studies have found.
What sort of study is Kelly doing? Which statement is not consistent with ethical research? Never tell subjects if they've been deceived. According to the American Psychological Association, researchers must.
Results from individual research participants should be. Which statement best reflects the views of the text regarding research in developmental psychology?
Research findings can be important in shaping social policy. A strong sense of self must be developed in adolescence in order to create intimate relationships with others during this stage. Adults who lack a positive self-concept may experience emotional isolation or loneliness.
To avoid feeling isolated or alone, individuals must learn to not lose themselves when sharing or caring for others. Gaining a strong self-identity allows an individual to achieve true intimacy, whereas identity diffusion can be a challenge. Basic virtue developed: love. During middle adulthood, individuals have a positive goal of generativity.
In most cases, this results in procreation, along with the fulfillment of parental and social responsibilities. This is in strict contrast to interest in the self or self-absorption. Basic virtue developed: care. One can either develop a sense of satisfaction of their life and approach death with peace or develop a sense of despair over missed opportunities and wasted time, leaving the individual to approach death with dread.
Basic virtue developed: wisdom. Although Erikson built his psychosocial development theory upon many years of field research and study, the theory maintains a foundation in a few assumptions. The psychosocial development theory holds that individuals are shaped by and react to their environment. For this reason, the theory may prove to be a useful tool in many fields, including social work.
As with all theories, the psychosocial development theory has strengths and weaknesses. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world. Rather, the theory is best suited as an addition to other relevant social work theories and practices.
You may find the following related books and online resources useful throughout your social work education and career. As an evolutionary psychologist, the author offers insights and new discoveries of growth potential for older adults. Discussion includes the influence of ethnicity, diversity in the social work practice, changes in family life roles, changes in ideas, and practice approaches.
During the elementary school stage ages 6—12 , children face the task of industry vs. Children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. If children do not learn to get along with others or have negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop into adolescence and adulthood. In adolescence ages 12—18 , children face the task of identity vs.
They will be unsure of their identity and confused about the future. People in early adulthood 20s through early 40s are concerned with intimacy vs.
After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, we are ready to share our life with others. However, if other stages have not been successfully resolved, young adults may have trouble developing and maintaining successful relationships with others.
Erikson said that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. Adults who do not develop a positive self-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation. When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mids.
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